SCIE.16.122 - CONNECTING CRANIOFACIAL MALFORMATIONS WITH NEURAL CREST SPLICING DEFECTS BY UNCOVERING THE HIDDEN ROLE OF NATURAL KILLER CELL TRIGGERING RECEPTOR GENE (NKTR).

TOPIC:
Genetic developmental defect during embryogenesis
AUTORI:
Oleari R. (Milan) , Corsinovi D. (Pisa) , Caramello A. (London) , Paganoni A.J.J. (Milan) , Amoruso F. (Milan) , Ori M. (Pisa) , Cariboni A. (Milan)
Abstract:
By analysing the exomes of two siblings affected by an unusual syndrome characterised by global developmental delay, microcephaly, craniofacial and genital malformations, we identified mutations in the Natural Killer cell Triggering Receptor (NKTR) gene. NKTR encodes for a poorly studied protein, firstly identified as membrane co-receptor for target recognition of natural killer cells (Anderson et al, 1993; Frey et al, 1991). However, its ubiquitous expression and the presence of unique domains in its protein structure suggest that NKTR might display hidden biological roles. Specifically, the presence within NKTR structure of a cyclophilin-like peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase domain and of a serine/arginine-rich domain suggests that NKTR could act in the nucleus as a protein controlling mRNA splicing (Rajiv & Davis, 2018). Interestingly, mutations in core components of the spliceosome have been recently found in a group of genetic syndromes known as craniofacial spliceosomopathies (Griffin & Saint-Jeannet, 2020). Affected patients exhibit symptoms similar to our probands, including microcephaly, facial dysmorphic features and global developmental delay. Since craniofacial malformations in these patients are predominantly found in neural crest cell (NCC)-derived structures of the head, it is plausible that mutations in core splicing factors lead to disrupted splicing in NCCs (Beauchamp et al, 2020). NCCs are unique group of cells that originate at the neural tube border and participate to the development of several organs including craniofacial structures (Simoes-Costa & Bronner, 2015). Thus, based on these premises and on our preliminary results described below, NKTR could be a novel gene involved in the development of NCC-derived structures and in the aetiology of this class of disorders. Consistent with this hypothesis our preliminary observations reveal that: NKTR associates with the spliceosome, when overexpressed in cells; NKTR expression is regulated by the NCC-transcription factor SOX9 during craniofacial development in mouse and zebrafish embryos; NKTR inactivation in zebrafish induces craniofacial malformations. For this project, we will: 1) combine expression studies in mouse embryos with luciferase assays to prove NKTR regulation by SOX9; 2) evaluate the functional contribution of NKTR to splicing assembly; 3) reveal the effects of identified NKTR mutation on protein stability, cartilage formation and NC differentiation/mRNA splicing using established in vitro and in vivo models and by leveraging transcriptome-wide analyses in NCC models. We anticipate that this project will shed light into the pathogenesis of a rare hitherto uncharacterised genetic syndrome.
Abstract per il pubblico laico:
Identificazione del ruolo funzionale di NKTR durante i processi di splicing dell'mRNA nelle cellule della cresta neurale per comprendere l'eziologia di una nuova neurocristopatia. Analizzando il genoma di pazienti con una sindrome caratterizzata principalmente da malformazioni craniofacciali, abbiamo identificato mutazioni nel gene Natural Killer cell Triggering Receptor (NKTR). Il ruolo di NKTR durante i processi cellulari e di sviluppo è ancora poco conosciuto. Tuttavia, la presenza nella sua struttura di un dominio coinvolto nello splicing dell'RNA messaggero e l'esistenza di sindromi simili causate da difetti di splicing nelle cellule della cresta neurale suggeriscono che NKTR possa essere un nuovo gene implicato in questa classe di sindromi. Le cellule delle creste neurali sono un particolare gruppo di cellule che originano ai bordi del tubo neurale e partecipano allo sviluppo di diversi organi, comprese le strutture della faccia. I nostri esperimenti preliminari hanno messo in evidenza che: NKTR localizza nel nucleo, in associazione con lo spliceosoma, quando over-espresso in modelli cellulari; l'espressione di NKTR è regolata dal fattore di trascrizione SOX9 durante lo sviluppo craniofacciale in embrioni di topo e pesce zebra; l'inattivazione di NKTR nel pesce zebra causa difetti nella formazione delle cartilagini della faccia. Sulla base di queste premesse, proponiamo di eseguire analisi più approfondite volte a valutare il ruolo biologico di NKTR durante i processi di splicing e lo sviluppo craniofacciale. Inoltre utilizzeremo modelli sperimentali ad hoc, come cellule umane staminali pluripotenti indotte per studiare la mutazione identificata e fare luce sulla patogenesi di questa famiglia di malattie genetiche rare dovute a difetti di splicing nelle cellule della cresta neurale.
References:
Anderson SK, Gallinger S, Roder J, Frey J, Young HA & Ortaldo JR (1993) A cyclophilin-related protein involved in the function of natural killer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90: 542-546 Frey JL, Bino T, Kantor RRS, Segal DM, Giardina SL, Roder J, Anderson S & Ortaldo JR (1991) Mechanism of target cell recognition by natural killer cells: characterization of a novel triggering molecule restricted to CD3- large granular lymphocytes. J Exp Med 174: 1527-1536 Griffin & Saint-Jeannet, 2020 (2020) Spliceosomopathies: Diseases and mechanisms. Dev Dyn 249: 1038-1046 Beauchamp MC, Alam SS, Kumar S & Jerome-Majewska LA (2020) Spliceosomopathies and neurocristopathies: Two sides of the same coin? Dev Dyn 249: 924-945 Simoes-Costa & Bronner, 2015 Establishing neural crest identity: a gene regulatory recipe. Development 142: 242-257
Disease Name:
Developmental delay with craniofacial and genital
Nome malattia:
Sindrome caratterizzata da ritardo dello sviluppo, anomalie craniofacciali e genitali