Childhood is a particularly sensitive period for neurodevelopment because the central nervous system (CNS) is in a state of constant maturation, functional and anatomical change. In recent decades, the study of how the environment influences human behaviour and the brain has gained increasing interest in the scientific community due to the identification of health risks and threats related to factors such as: environmental pollution, food, the emergence of new habits related to the use of technology, the type of community resources available depending on the area where one lives, the availability of socio-economic resources, etc. This has a direct impact on children's health and development, and can also lead to diseases and health problems that can become chronic into adulthood. Therefore, in this work we will review the main environmental variables that affect children's neurodevelopment, in order to understand the relationship between the environment and neurodevelopment during childhood, how the former influences the ontological trajectory of children, as well as to identify potential health risks. The results show behavioural, anatomical and functional changes related to different variables in the children's environment. In conclusion, more high-quality research is needed to better understand the relationship between the environment and children's neurodevelopment, but the results point to potential health risks.