A broad body of literature supports the role of early Executive Functions (EF) in
neurodevelopment, learning, and quality of life, and documents widespread and
transdiagnostic alterations in cases of social or neurodevelopmental risk. However, it
remains unclear what and how to measure EF during early childhood, between 12 and
36 months of age, when the neurofunctional foundations of EF have already begun to
mature and, importantly, to connect with other cerebral networks. To contribute to this
critical area, we have recently developed longitudinal studies of children at risk for
neurodevelopmental disorders based on the analysis of EF profiles using the Bayley
Scales of Infant and Toddler Development and new tools for the direct observation of
emerging EF. The methods and results of such studies will be presented. The correct
identification of EF and self-regulation profiles in early childhood can provide
important insights for early interventions aimed at reducing hindering factors (e.g.,
parental stress, socioeconomic status) and promoting those that support EF
development.