Supporting healthy social development of youth worldwide, including those involved in public systems like juvenile justice (JJ), is critical for wellbeing. In the United States alone, nearly half a million youth were arrested in 2020, often facing heightened risks for future legal involvement and mental health challenges. While JJ systems were founded on rehabilitation, contemporary practices often prioritise control and punishment, with limited integration of youth perspectives. Emerging research suggests that incorporating lived expertise could improve policies and practices, fostering equitable, developmentally responsive approaches that provide youth with opportunities to thrive. Yet, few mechanisms exist to meaningfully integrate youth perspectives. This study took place in Cook County, Illinois - the birthplace of the U.S. JJ system - as part of a larger trauma-informed systems change initiative.


The study examined ways to elevate youth voice, focusing on engagement strategies across stages of system involvement, barriers, and perceived impacts of engagement on system experiences.


Qualitative interviews and focus groups were conducted with 11 participants: young adults with prior JJ involvement (n=2) and JJ providers (n=9; probation; public defense; behavioral health; court clinic). Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis to identify convergent and divergent themes across stakeholders.


Preliminary findings highlight persistent barriers to participation. Youth emphasised mistrust of system representatives, stemming from negative experiences and intimidating court environments, limiting willingness to speak up. Providers cited siloed inter-departmental communication and challenges translating training into practice, noting few opportunities to apply new skills with youth. Across groups, participants underscored the importance of individualised and developmentally sensitive practices. Intentional, multi-level strategies are needed to advance rehabilitative goals with relevance for systems seeking to center lived expertise.


Incorporating lived expertise offers an innovative, globally relevant approach to trauma-informed JJ reform. Leveraging youth voice can foster trust and strengthen equitable, rehabilitative systems of care.