Chronic pain is a physical and psychological distressing experience which is often considered an incurable disease that requires sustained adaptation across multiple life domains. The present study examines the role of attachment style, resilience, mastery, social support, and health beliefs in the adaptation of chronic pain patients. Using purposive sampling, 321 participants (180 arthritis, 141 chronic headache) were recruited from hospitals, clinics, and physiotherapy centers in Prayagraj, India. Standardized and adapted measures assessed resilience, attachment style, mastery, social support, health beliefs, and adaptation. Findings revealed that recovery and control self-beliefs positively predicted adaptation, whereas causal cosmic, recovery cosmic, and control disease beliefs were negatively associated. Mastery, resilience, and social support emerged as significant positive correlates of adaptation, while attachment style was negatively linked with social support. Regression analyses indicated that resilience, mastery, social support, and select health beliefs were strong predictors of adaptation. Mediation analyses further highlighted resilience and social support as critical mediators in the relationship between attachment style, health beliefs, and adaptation outcomes. These results underscore the interplay of cognitive, relational, and psychosocial factors in shaping chronic pain adaptation. By integrating biological, psychological, and social dimensions, the study contributes to a nuanced understanding of chronic pain management in the Indian context.