Introduction. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity is characterized by individuals attributing a range of non-specific symptoms, such as headaches or fatigue, to exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from sources including radio frequency (RF) EMF from 5G technologies. Despite the lack of credible evidence supporting causal relationship between EMF exposure and these symptoms, concerns about technologies can nevertheless result in tangible negative health outcomes.
Purpose. This study examines the self-reported prevalence of sensitivity to EMFs from 5G technology, and general population beliefs about such sensitivity. Specifically, we investigated whether individuals over- or underestimate its prevalence, whether misperceptions differ between those reporting sensitivity and those not, and the role of media and discursive engagement in shaping these perceptions.
Methods. As part of the GOLIAT project (https://projectgoliat.eu/), an online survey (2023) with over 11,000 participants was conducted across 11 countries. Respondents reported whether they considered themselves particularly sensitive to RF-EMFs from 5G technologies and provided estimates of the percentage of the population they believe to be affected. Misperception scores were calculated as the difference between estimated and actual self-reported prevalence within each country.
Results. Overall, 18.9% of participants reported being particularly sensitive to 5G-related EMFs. Average estimated prevalence in the general population by those who did report no such sensitivity was fairly accurate (20.7%), while those who considered themselves sensitive reported a much higher estimated prevalence (52.1%). Multi-level analyses confirmed systematic group differences and additional cross-country variability (e.g. overestimation was most pronounced in Poland, Spain, and Austria, while Slovenia showed underestimation). Both media use and discursive engagement were positively associated with higher prevalence estimates.
Conclusions. Findings provide evidence that individuals reporting sensitivity to EMFs from 5G technology considerably overestimate the prevalence of such condition in the general population, underscoring the role of social and cognitive heuristics in shaping perceptions of emerging technologies.