Introduction:
Modern cities face challenges of population density and limited land resources, leading to the rise of large-scale multi-functional complexes integrating shopping, culture, and transportation. Understanding how users perceive and experience these complex spaces is essential for enhancing spatial quality and sustainable urban design.


Purpose:
This study aims to (1) analyze the spatial characteristics of COEX Mall using Kevin Lynch's environmental perception theory to evaluate its applicability and limitations in complex, layered urban environments, and (2) apply Malene Freudendal-Pedersen's mobility theory to complement Lynch's model and propose a new integrative framework for interpreting user experiences and digital flows.


Method:
The research combined a literature review with spatial analysis of COEX Mall. Lynch's five urban elements—Paths, Edges, Districts, Nodes, and Landmarks—were applied using floor plans, on-site observations, and digital visualization. Freudendal-Pedersen's framework was then used to assess daily mobility patterns, digital navigation, and temporal changes in user behavior.


Results:
The Lynch-based analysis revealed that COEX Mall exhibited low structural clarity due to its complex layouts, ambiguous boundaries, and repetitive spatial patterns, resulting in difficulty navigating without digital assistance. In contrast, the Freudendal-Pedersen-based analysis highlighted that the same space holds multiple meanings across user groups and time periods, with physical and digital pathways that interact dynamically. Each theory offered distinct insights: Lynch effectively analyzed physical structure, while Freudendal-Pedersen captured social dynamics and digital interactions.


Conclusions:
Combining both theories enables a holistic understanding of contemporary urban spaces, bridging physical legibility, social meaning, and digital networks. This integrated approach provides practical implications for urban designers and environmental psychologists, contributing to smarter and more sustainable city planning.