This paper aims to discuss the divergent conceptions of religion and sovereignty that characterised the initial diplomatic exchanges between the Russian and Chinese Empires over the Amur and Nercsk river disputes. By examining the influence of Iosif Volotsky's ideology on the concept of Car' and the "Symphony" between the Orthodox Church and the state, alongside the Manchu concept of sovereignty and the Chinese Celestial Mandate, we aim to highlight both parallels and stark contrasts between the two worldviews. The involvement of Jesuit missionaries as interpreters in these early diplomatic exchanges adds another layer of complexity. By scrutinising the role of Jesuit intermediaries, particularly Thomas Pereira, we explore how these contrasting viewpoints were mediated through the lens of Catholic universalism, offering a third perspective. Ultimately, this presentation aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the historical roots of Sino-Russian relations and the evolving concept of sovereignty in the early modern period.