Psalms were entangled with daily life in the medieval and early modern Low Countries. They were sung in liturgy, used for private prayer, taught as part of the basic school curriculum, whispered at deathbeds, and sung in the streets during religious protests. The psalms circulated in both Latin and Middle Dutch. In past research, the Latin texts have primarily been connected to formal, liturgical, and public religion, while the vernacular psalms have been considered part of a private, devotional context, particularly within female religious communities. This paper critically reassesses this dichotomy by investigating material evidence in surviving copies of printed and manuscript psalters from the late fifteenth and the sixteenth century. Did religious and lay people shift between languages when praying or singing the psalms? What meanings were assigned to the use of Latin or Dutch? And how could a specific choice of language serve as a powerful religious and socio-political instrument in a time characterized by religious turmoil?