From the 1960s onwards, the Catholic universe, and theology in particular, became a battlefield. The emergence of organisations of priests and nuns with a vocation for social change - inspired by the concept of revolution and the rapprochement with Marxism - in Argentina, Colombia, Peru and Chile made it clear that the relationship between Christianity and left-wing politics was a concrete form of interpretation of the orientations of the Second Vatican Council and the Medellín Conference. Parallel to this was the theological reflection that would lead to Liberation Theology. On the other hand, in most Latin American Episcopal Conferences, as well as in the institution that grouped them together, CELAM, actions were articulated that sought to stop what they considered to be a radicalisation of the clergy, going so far as to proscribe - as in the case of Christians for Socialism - its existence. At the same time, a series of theological reflections were developed with the aim of questioning the essential assumptions of Liberation Theology. In this way, and thanks to the review of original documentation from the archives of the University of Louvain, CELAM, Juan Luis Segundo and Alberto Methol Ferré archives and theological publications of continental scope, it will be possible to give an account of a debate that from the beginning went beyond the field of theology and the frontiers of the continent. Yes, since the reaction of progressive Christian organisations led to associations of global scope - such as Christians for Socialism and the Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians - and the critique of Liberation Theology was a central part of the agenda in Rome.