The South Asian concept of "kuṇḍalinī shakti" has undergone significant reinterpretations since the late nineteenth century. Initiated by the Theosophical Society, a diverse range of actors—including yogis, Hindu reformers, occultists, and members of the holistic milieu—shaped the ensuing discourse. A key aspect of this transformation was its integration into a scientistic framework, where kundalini was increasingly conceptualized as an empirically verifiable phenomenon of potential interest to the scientific community.
This paper examines the process of scientification, defined here as the process of applying scientific methods and principles to religious concepts, experiences, and practices. Through empirical studies, experimentation, and theoretical analyses, proponents sought to provide objective evidence and rational explanations for kundalini's existence and functioning.
A pivotal figure in this development was Gopi Krishna (1903-1984), a South Asian author whose personal experience of what he considered as the rising of his kundalini energy in 1937 became the foundation of his extensive writings. In his landmark work Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man (1967), Krishna articulated a theory of kundalini as a biological mechanism, framing it within the context of evolutionary theories. His efforts to align religious experiences with scientific paradigms exemplify broader trends in the rationalization of esoteric traditions during this period.
This paper highlights Gopi Krishna's contributions alongside those of other key figures who sought to validate kundalini through scientific inquiry. By tracing these efforts, it interrogates the interplay between esotericism and rationality, illustrating how the scientification of kundalini reflects larger patterns of modern religious transformation and the entanglement of science and religion.