The divine mother is a protean figure, at the heart of cosmological, soteriological and eschatological narratives. But what is divine motherhood from a philosophical and theological perspective ? Is the divine mother a receptacle for the child, a relationship of participation between the parts and the whole or is she rather the active principle ? To what extent does the theology of the divine mother evolve in Late Antiquity from Paganism and its philosophical theorizations, and early Christianity ? Beyond the differences that have often been emphasized, is there a continuity between them - and if so, to what extent ? This study will focus most specifically on the Phyrgian Cybele and her Neoplatonist interpretation, the Gnostic Barbelô of Nag Hammadi, and the parthenogenetic Theotokos. We will investigate the meaning of divine motherhood within female theology in terms of ambivalence between life and death, differenciation and undifferenciation, self-sacrifice and self-identity.