Panel: HISTORICAL APPROACHES TO THE TRINITY AND THE BODY



589.6 - SAWIRUS IBN AL-MUQAFFAʿ AND HIS THEOLOGY OF THE BODY IN TENTH-CENTURY EGYPT

AUTHORS:
Barsoum A. (KU Leuven ~ Leuven ~ Belgium)
Text:
Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffaʿ (d. c. 987 CE), was the first Coptic Orthodox bishop to write theological treatises in Arabic. In tenth-century Egypt, as Greek and Coptic gradually receded to the margins and Arabic became the dominant language of society, Sawirus sought to address the theological challenges Christianity faced due to the ascendancy of Arabic and the predominance of Islam. This paper analyses the concept of the body in Sawirus's Tibb al-Gham wa-Shifāʾ al-Ḥazan (Affliction's Physic and the Cure of Sorrow) and Miṣbāḥ al-ʿaql (The Lamp of the Intellect), two key works in his engagement with Islamic theology and philosophy. It examines Sawirus's use of the terms jasad (flesh) and jism (body) to explore the extent to which his theology of the body diverged from or converged with tenth-century Islamic philosophy, particularly al-Fārābī's On the Perfect State (d. c. 950 CE). The paper argues that the Christian doctrine of the union between the second person of the Trinity and the full human body presented a profound challenge for Sawirus as he sought to articulate a theology of the body within an intellectual environment deeply influenced by Neo-Platonism. In this framework, the material world of the sublunary realm occupies the lowest position in the universal hierarchy, being the farthest removed from God, the First Intellect, and the First Cause. Within this philosophical context, Sawirus's task was to argue for the possibility of this union and to demonstrate how God revealed himself through the body.