This presentation is about the acceptance of homosexuality among Orthodox Jews in France. It aims to show how contact with the out-group can soften cognitive opposition.
Indeed, homosexuality is poorly viewed by Orthodox Jews as a sin and an act meant to defy God. This clear cognitive opposition is reinforced for it contrasts with society. In a polarized society (Campbell, 2016), cultural liberalism and morality politics are seen as battlefields. The stake is then for Orthodox believers, including Orthodox Jews, to separate themselves from a surrounding society they think is increasingly wrong. Although the broader acceptance of cultural liberalism can prompt "reactive culturalism" among conservative groups (Shachar, 2001), quite surprisingly, some Orthodox Jews are more lenient over this issue: LGBTQIA+ Orthodox Jews are still experiencing stigma, but they tend to be less vilified. Orthodox rabbis have taken care of LGBTQIA+ Orthodox Jews, some even talking about it openly. How can we understand this paradoxical support of LGBTQIA+ believers when homosexuality is so rejected?
This paper compares two Orthodox Jewish communities, one in the ghetto (living close to the surrounding society; Cheyette, 2019) and one in the enclave (keeping the surrounding society at bay; Sivan, 1995). It shows a greater tolerance of homosexuality among Orthodox Jews living in the ghetto. It resorts to contact theory studies, especially about homosexuality (Pettigrew, Tropp, Wagner, Christ, 2011; Cunningham, Milton, 2013), to account for this sociological influence over a cognitive opposition.
This presentation is based on an investigation of the relationship between religious fundamentalism and the liberal society in France, based on the case of Orthodox Jews (2017-2022). It relies on 70 ethnographic observations, the study of 4 Orthodox websites, the study of nearly 500 issues of Orthodox newspapers, and almost 90 semi-structured interviews with Orthodox Jews and elected officials.