Panel: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON (IN)EQUALITIES: RACE, NATION, AND SECULARISM



912.1 - PERPETUAL PROGRESS AND CONSUMER DESIRE: GREGORY OF NYSSA'S DOCTRINE OF EPEKTASIS AND RESTLESS DESIRE IN CONSUMER CAPITALISM

AUTHORS:
Lee D. (Yale University ~ New Haven ~ United States of America)
Text:
This paper examines how modern consumerism replaces religious yearning with consumer desire and mimics perpetual progress as a distorted form of religious eros, taking South Korea's consumer capitalism as a paradigmatic case. First, the paper explores Gregory of Nyssa's doctrine of epektasis. Gregory defines perfection as unceasing participation in the infinite divine: beatitude is not a static state but an eternal progress, a dynamic rest in which religious yearning is perpetually renewed by divine fullness. Second, the paper contends that modern consumerist desires align with Gregory's concept of epektasis, mimicking perpetual progress as a distorted form of yearning. Consumerism does not merely encourage excessive acquisition; it forms subjects through habits of endless consumption, promising happiness even as it depends on renewed dissatisfaction. Consumer desire thus formally imitates Gregory's epektasis as perpetual motion but materially distorts it by redirecting longing toward finite commodities rather than the divine good, producing neither rest nor progress but a restless circulation among substitutes. Third, the paper turns to South Korea as an instantiation of this deformation. Currently among the world's leading per-capita consumers of luxury goods and burdened by one of the highest household-debt-to-GDP ratios in the OECD, South Korea exhibits a culture in which "flex" consumption, the cosmetic industries, and speculative housing markets together reveal subjects continuously formed by, and exhausted within, a circuit of aspirational consumption. This case demonstrates how the mimicry of epektasis substantially contributes to economic inequality: restless desire becomes infrastructural, structuring debt, labor, and status hierarchies along sharply stratified lines. The paper concludes that Christian theology should respond to this deformation not only morally but also theologically, through doctrines that reorient desire toward communion with God.