As Tine van Osselaere (2013) and Anthony Favier (in Gay et al., 2023) have shown, Catholic Action and the JOC were forums for the development of a Catholic masculinity that did not correspond in all respects to the secular hegemonic masculinity of the time. These identities were part of distinctive Catholic cultural practices that attempted to resist de-Christianisation. In this paper it will presented the result of the comparison between rural and independent CA movements in France and Belgium, in order to highlight the class dimension of these Catholic masculinities, and to expose the role of religion in the production of these social identities in a militant context.