This paper examines the role of religion in contemporary anti-autocratic mobilisations, focusing on the case of Serbia. In recent years, waves of protest across diverse political contexts have challenged democratic backsliding and the concentration of power by increasingly autocratic governments. While these movements differ in actors, triggers, and repertoires, many unfold in settings where religion plays a central role in shaping institutions, public discourse, and collective identities. Despite its visibility in protest arenas, religion remains marginal in social movement scholarship, often treated instrumentally or framed primarily as a conservative or reactionary force, and analytically separated from the political sphere.
Bridging sociology of religion and social movement theory, the paper explores how religious elements can both reinforce authoritarian projects and sustain democratic claims.
Empirically, the paper investigates the 2024-2025 protests in Serbia, initially sparked by the deadly collapse of a railway canopy in Novi Sad and subsequently evolving into a broad, student-led anti-autocratic movement. In a context where Orthodox Christianity is deeply intertwined with national identity, protest dynamics reveal a complex and contested use of religious symbols, rituals, and moral language. While the Serbian Orthodox Church has largely aligned with the government, grassroots actors and individual protesters have incorporated religious imagery and liturgical forms - such as collective rituals of mourning - into repertoires of dissent.
Drawing on qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews, ethnographic observation, and documentary analysis, the paper examines how religious and secular activists envision religion's role in potential post-autocratic political futures.