Panel: RELIGION AND (IN)EQUALITIES IN HINDUISM: FOUR CONTEXTS



41.2 - POETICS OF RESISTANCE: CHALLENGES TO CASTE AND GENDER INEQUALITIES IN THE LYRICS OF SAINT-POETS OF GUJARAT

AUTHORS:
Shukla-Bhatt N. (Wellesley College ~ Wellesley ~ United States of America)
Text:
One of the most discussed aspects of Hinduism in both media and academia is the inherent inequalities in its hierarchical organization of society in hereditary castes and its prescribed norms for women leading to severe social injustice. While historical evidence for such inequalities abounds, voices resisting them can also be found in Hindu texts since the antiquity. Ancient Sanskrit sacred texts composed before the Common Era like the Upanishads and Hindu epics contain several narratives questioning gender and caste hierarchies that have since been popular in all layers of the society. Yet the clearest expressions of challenge to these hierarchies are found in the lyrics of saintly poets of various regions who composed their devotional lyrics addressed to various Hindu deities or the formless Ultimate spirit (Brahman) in their vernacular languages beginning in the late first millennium. The spread of this phenomenon through various regions of India is often termed "bhakti movement." The saint-poets came from all castes. Several of them were women. Their lyrics, which question gender and caste discrimination, have been sung in folk melodies for centuries and have formed regional traditions of bhakti (devotion). Ramanujan refers to them as counter-systems to orthodoxy (1989). Traditions of regional saint-poets' have been studied extensively by scholars in India and around the world, generally focusing on an individual poet. A fruitful way to study them, however, is to view the corpus of lyrics of saint-poets of a region like an architectural masterpiece formed by many individual parts. This presentation will examine lyrics of poets Narasinha Mehta, Loyan, and Dasi Jivan- a Brahmin, a woman, and a low caste - from Gujarat. It will reinforce the proposition made by Eleanor Zelliot and Mokashi-Punekar that while bhakti as an individual path is purely religious, as a movement it has been a path of poetic resistance to inequalities (2005).