Panel: KAIROS AND (IN)EQUALITY: RELIGIOUS TEMPORALITIES AND SOCIAL DIFFERENCE



802.7 - "THE MOON BECAME FULL BUT WE DID NOT": THE ANXIETY OF MISSING THE VIRTUOUS MOMENT IN TEHRAN

AUTHORS:
Naghshband Z. (Max Weber Center at Erfurt University ~ Erfurt ~ Germany)
Text:
This paper examines the experience of ritual temporality among Shiʿi practitioners in Tehran during the month of Ramadan, investigating how the "anxiety of missing the virtuous moment" unfolds within a metropolis characterized by conflicting temporal rhythms. Drawing on phenomenological ethnography conducted over two consecutive Ramadans (2024-2025), I explore the paradox that emerges when ritual time, theoretically understood as an alternative, self-contained temporal space, is lived within the arrhythmic conditions of urban acceleration. The paper engages with Hartmut Rosa's analysis of social acceleration and the pervasive sense of "temporal insolvency" in modern life, alongside classical ritual theory frameworks that position ritual as a distinct temporality resistant to acceleration and addition, but defined by changelessness and repetition. However, in this paper I ask how the transformative quality of kairotic time becomes fragile when ritual agents in Tehran navigate the intersection of multiple calendars: the rotating lunar Islamic calendar and the fixed solar civil calendar. The paper asks: How does the experience of kairos, the virtuous moment of ritual time, transform when the ritual subject must construct her existence amid a jumble of temporalities that clash and lack a shared aesthetic form? Through ethnographic vignettes, I show how the "disoriented ritual time" of Tehran produces a persistent sense of falling short, of never fully honoring sacred moments. Unlike the pilgrim, whose ritual mode presupposes the synchronic convergence of time and place, the urban ritual agent experiences time as place-bound anxiety. The longing for pilgrimage emerges as homesickness for being in the right sacred place at the right ritual time, a longing that translates into the compulsive labor of "doing more" rituals at home to compensate for spatial distance from the shrines.