This paper proposes a postcolonial theological framework for analyzing persistent structures of inequality within contemporary Catholic discourse by introducing the analytical concepts Herrschaftslegitimation (the phenomenon whereby cultural, moral, or religious patterns of legitimation justify claims to domination without necessarily being tied to material relations of ownership) and Phantombesitz (an ostensibly tangible form of domination over people or things sustained through social and historical narratives, for example in the form of ideological or juridical-economic claims of possession). While conceptually inspired by Eva von Redecker's discussions of Sachherrschaft and Phantombesitz, these terms are deliberately detached from their original anti-capitalist framework and rearticulated as theological-hermeneutical tools for examining religious narratives that sustain asymmetrical relations of power. Drawing on previous research on postcolonial narratives in Nostra Aetate (1965) and the Document on Human Fraternity for World Peace and Living Together (2019), the paper argues that theological discourse often presents itself as reconciliatory and innocent while simultaneously reproducing historically embedded hierarchies. The paper applies this framework in two interconnected fields: Christian-Muslim dialogue and theological constructions of gender relations. It does not aim to evaluate interreligious dialogue normatively, but to show how reconciliation discourse may simultaneously maintain asymmetrical relations of authority. It demonstrates how biblical interpretations and ecclesial practices may unconsciously perpetuate colonial patterns of epistemic authority and gender asymmetry, contributing to the marginalization of women through theological narratives that can serve to legitimize asymmetrical gender relations both within and beyond ecclesial settings, as well as to the marginalization of Muslims within Christian-Muslim dialogue.