Panel: GENDER (IN)EQUALITIES IN RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL TRADITIONS: THEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS, NORMATIVE PRACTICES, AND CONTEMPORARY RECONFIGURATIONS



162.5 - THE FEMININE NUMINOUS AND THE MANAGEMENT OF INEQUALITY IN ANCIENT GREEK RELIGION

AUTHORS:
Zaffarana C. (Independent Researcher, Italy ~ Oleggio ~ Italy)
Text:
In ancient Greek society, political and genealogical authority is predominantly articulated through male figures. Yet the sacred does not simply replicate social hierarchies; within Greek religious imagination, the feminine numinous occupies a distinct and circumscribed position. This paper argues that tutelary and apotropaic functions constitute a domain in which the feminine divine becomes structurally necessary. In this specific context, apotropaism is not understood as a marginal residue but as a religious mechanism regulating conditions of asymmetry and exposure to danger. Inequality is conceived as a structural condition to be symbolically managed. The divinized feminine intervenes where vulnerability is most acute, operating through postures of protection and visual control. The paper examines the Gorgoneion and apotropaic frontality, focusing on the action of the gaze as a reflexive and repellent force: the diffusion of eyes and Gorgons in apotropaic function in vase painting, armor, and architecture attests to the pervasive role of protective imagery in Greek religious practice. Athena herself, associated with the Gorgoneion, represents a stabilized and specifically tutelary form of power within contexts such as rites of passage into adulthood or processes of heroization. By briefly considering female parthenogenesis associated with unstable outcomes, the paper also highlights the limits of feminine religious agency: the feminine numinous does not abolish inequality, but renders structural asymmetry inhabitable within the Greek sacred order.