Is the conclusion of concordats discriminatory because it is limited to the Catholic Church? Concordats are treaties under international law concluded with the Holy See, which govern the relations between a state and the Catholic Church. Since other religious communities have no institution comparable to the Holy See, they cannot conclude treaties under international law. The numerous international conventions that protect religious freedom and prohibit religious discrimination also fall under international law. How do they relate to the concordats? Do they take precedence? The speaker focuses on the ECHR and examines judgments of the ECtHR concerning concordats in which Article 14 comes into play. In several cases, minority religions have submitted applications complaining that a certain state does not grant them the same rights that it guarantees to the Catholic Church through a concordat. These cases concern discrimination in relation to individual and collective aspects, such as church funding, tax exemptions, pensions for clergy, and the recognition of religious marriages. The speaker identifies the conditions under which the ECtHR does not find a discrimination. Relevant aspects include for example: Did the Catholic Church enter into reciprocal obligations? Does the state at least provide other religions with a different type of agreement? Do such agreements exist? The fact that a concordat exists is not in itself contrary to an equal treatment. Overall, the ECtHR recognises concordats as a widespread instrument of cooperation.