Panel: CONVERSIONS AT THE MARGINS: ENSLAVED WOMEN AND RELIGIOUS POWER IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE



104.2 - ENSLAVED WOMEN: RENEGADES AND THEIR MASTERS, CONVERSION, ABUSE, AND AGENCY

AUTHORS:
Abend N. (Tel Aviv University-ERC FemSMed ~ Tel Aviv ~ Israel)
Text:
This paper investigates the reactions of enslaved women to the abuse and mistreatment inflicted by their masters and mistresses in seventeenth-century Southern Spain. At that time, masters possessed the right—and in some cases the obligation—to "discipline" their slaves, provided the offence was not directed against God or His earthly representatives; in such cases, authority shifted to the Holy Office of the Inquisition. Through the lives of María, Luisa, Catalina, and María de la Paz, this paper examines enslaved women who appeared before the Inquisition accused of being renegades, that is, of renouncing God and the Catholic faith. Although all admitted to having uttered phrases such as "I renounce God," they explained these words as immediate reactions born of anger in response to the violence inflicted by their masters. In each case, the inquisitors decided not to proceed with a formal trial and imposed no sentence. Rather than interpreting these utterances as genuine acts of apostasy, this paper argues that they should be understood as strategies of resistance and assertions of agency. Renouncing God offered these women a temporary means of challenging their masters' authority by placing themselves under inquisitorial jurisdiction, creating a liminal space of protection. Within the narrow limits available to them, they navigated and subtly manipulated the structures that oppressed them, transmitting this knowledge to one another. As this paper shows, this logic also explains the leniency displayed by the Inquisition, which understood such statements not as attempts to apostasy from Christianity but rather as efforts to break, albeit briefly, from the violence and mistreatment imposed by their owners. In doing so, these women demonstrated how tactical speech could carve a fragile yet meaningful space of survival within profoundly coercive system.