Panel: ENSLAVED WOMEN, CHARITY, AND RELIGIOUS CONVERSION: GENDERED INEQUALITIES IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE



99.3 - THE CHARITABLE FASHIONING OF SALVATION: THE BAPTISMAL DRESS OF ENSLAVED WOMEN IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY LIVORNO

AUTHORS:
Molina L. (ERC-advg FemSMed, Tel Aviv University ~ Tel Aviv ~ Israel)
Text:
On 8 January 1696, seven Muslim women were converted to Catholicism in the slave Bagno of Livorno, a prison complex built by the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, thus beginning their path to redemption as former infidels. As was customary, these enslaved women were dressed in white garments financed by Livornese charitable institutions, notably the Misericordia confraternity and the Santa Barbara hospital. On this occasion, however, their baptismal shoes were crafted by the enslaved women themselves. This reference to enslaved Muslim women preparing their own shoes to be worn during their religious transformation under Catholic supervision is particularly noteworthy. Baptismal rituals were of crucial importance in early modern Europe and were subject to heightened scrutiny in the case of converts from Islam. The removal of native dress and, after immersion, the donning of new white Catholic robes signified that these women were reborn both spiritually and materially. This material transformation reflected contemporary beliefs about salvation and offered a visual manifestation of the supposed reintegration of 'domestic enemies', as enslaved infidels were often considered, into Catholic society in Tuscany. This paper reflects on the dynamics that required these seven women to produce components of their own baptismal attire. Situating this practice within a broader phenomenon linking foreign enslaved women to forced craft labour-such as tailoring and carpentry-across early modern Italian cities, and against the backdrop of Livorno's periodic conflicts with Muslim powers, the paper shows how forced displacement contributed to the circulation of sartorial knowledge. Drawing attention to the exploitation of enslaved women's skills in Livorno's hospitals-thereby sparing institutions labour costs under the guise of institutionalised charity-the paper also reflects on the limited margins of adaptation enslaved women could find within symbolically charged spaces and processes.